Flower quality on mature trees and its improvement The Effective Pollination Period or EPP The importance of planting well-feathered trees Nursery and other techniques aimed at improving young tree quality The influence of rootstock or interstock (interstem) The importance of tree age and transplanting 'check' Soil management, irrigation and nutrition Pruning and training techniques for young trees Plant growth regulator treatments for young trees Assessing fruit bud numbers and their quality on trees Techniques for winter pruning Summer pruning Trunk girdling (ringing) Root pruning Crop loading and flower or fruitlet thinning/abscission Physiology of flower initation and development